Franklin Merrell-Wolff briefly discusses the notion of “voidness” as found in The Tibetan Book of the Dead, and his dissatisfaction with this term; he then suggests that his own conception of “consciousness-with-an-object-and-without-a-subject” is an equivalent notion. He notes that philosophical and psychological approaches to consciousness generally treat it as a relation between a knower and the known, and that the question then becomes which of these terms is given primacy over the other. Wolff changes this picture, and regards consciousness itself as primary—that is, more fundamental then either the knower or the known. He states that this view is based on a “luminous” state of consciousness, but suggests that others entertain it as a hypothesis and consider how one’s orientation to the world changes.